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Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Food chemistry (2015-03-15)

Faiyaz Shakeel, Nazrul Haq, Nasir A Siddiqui

ABSTRACT

The solubility of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents namely water, ethanol, ethylene glycol (EG), ethyl acetate (EA), isopropanol (IPA), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), Transcutol, butanol-1 and butanol-2 was measured and correlated at T=(298-318)K. The resulting experimental data were correlated with the modified Apelblat and Van't Hoff models. Both the models showed good correlation of experimental solubility data with calculated ones with root mean square deviations in the range of (0.08-1.55)%. The mole fraction solubility of vanillin was observed highest in PEG-400 (4.29 × 10(-1) at 298 K) followed by Transcutol, EA, butanol-2, ethanol, EG, PG, IPA, butanol-1 and water from T=(298-318)K. The results of thermodynamic function in terms of dissolution enthalpy, Gibbs energy and dissolution entropy showed endothermic, spontaneous and entropy-driven dissolution of vanillin in all environmentally benign solvents.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, for chromatography, ≥99.8%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, for residue analysis, JIS 5000

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, suitable for HPLC

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, JIS special grade, ≥99.0%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, ≥99.5%, for residue analysis

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, for residue analysis, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

2-Butanol, JIS special grade, ≥99.0%

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethanol, JIS first grade, 94.8-95.8%

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethanol, JIS special grade, 94.8-95.8%

Supelco

Propylene glycol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Supelco

Vanillin melting point standard, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile solution, contains 0.05 % (w/v) ammonium formate, 5 % (v/v) water, 0.1 % (v/v) formic acid, suitable for HPLC

Supelco

Acetone, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile solution, contains 0.05 % (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile solution, contains 0.1 % (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid, suitable for HPLC

Supelco

Ethanol solution, certified reference material, 2000 μg/mL in methanol

Supelco

Mettler-Toledo Calibration substance ME 51143093, Vanillin, traceable to primary standards (LGC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile solution, contains 0.1 % (v/v) formic acid, suitable for HPLC

USP

Dehydrated Alcohol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

Sigma-Aldrich

Propylene Glycol, meets USP testing specifications

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethanol Fixative 80% v/v, suitable for fixing solution (blood films)

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, for molecular biology, ≥99%

Sigma-Aldrich

2-Butanol, anhydrous, 99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.9%

Supelco

1-Butanol, analytical standard

Supelco

2-Butanol, analytical standard

Sigma-Aldrich

Vanillin, ReagentPlus^®, 99%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, ≥99%, meets FCC analytical specifications

Sigma-Aldrich

Vanillin, ≥97%, FCC, FG

Sigma-Aldrich

Propylene glycol, ≥99.5% (GC), FCC, FG