表觀遺傳學

表觀遺傳機制
表觀遺傳學領域已經成為從事癌症、神經退行性疾病和上癮研究的科學家所關注的重要領域。表觀遺傳機制涉及暫時激活或抑制基因表達。有趣的是,這些變化可以代代相傳,儘管它們並沒有永久性地改變 DNA 序列。表觀遺傳學的三個主要機制是 DNA 甲基化、組蛋白修飾和 RNA 調控。
特色類別
DNA甲基化
DNA甲基化是最知名的表觀遺傳機制。它通常涉及甲基轉移酶,協助在胞嘧啶 (C5) 的第五個位置上添加甲基。這種加法主要發生在胞嘧啶-磷酸-鸟嘌呤 (CpG) 二核苷酸上。然而,非 CpG 甲基化也會發生。DNA 甲基化分析通常用來幫助了解基因表達。這類分析的例子包括透過消化 DNA 進行甲基化定量,然後透過 HPLC、質譜法或使用硫酸氫鈉轉換進行分析,最後再進行 PCR 測序和分析。
組合體修飾
組合體修飾是另一種典型的表觀遺傳機制。它透過乙醯化、甲基化、磷酸化和其他影響基因表達的機制,以各種方式改變組蛋白。組蛋白是一種蛋白質,與 DNA 一起構成核小體。核小體束構成染色質,而染色質則構成染色體。一般來說,組蛋白的修飾發生在組蛋白的 N 端尾部,其中含有高比例的氨基酸賴氨酸或精氨酸。
RNA調控
相較於其他表觀遺傳機制,我們對RNA調控的了解較少。RNA 信號傳導被認為是透過調控染色質結構在表觀遺傳學中發揮作用。研究人員正在研究 mRNA 和特定的非編碼 RNA(如長非編碼 RNA 和 micro RNA)如何調控基因表達。此外,染色質分離 RNA 純化 (ChIRP) 或 RNA 免疫沉澱 (RIP) 分析可用於了解染色質與 RNA 之間的關係,以及 RNA 在表觀遺傳學中的作用。
相關文章
- Epigenetic regulation starts with DNA wound around a set of completely acetylated histones associated with an activated, fully transcribed gene.
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- The Imprint DNA Modification Kit provides the reagents needed for bisulfite conversion and post-modification clean-up of DNA samples in less than 2 hours.
- Epigenetics is a term coined to describe changes that are not mutation based but can still be passed on from generation to generation. Genes that are activated or repressed without any change in DNA sequence are epigenetically controlled. Epigenetic modifications are stable, but potentially reversible alterations in gene expression that occur without permanent changes in DNA sequence.
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相關通訊協定
- The DIG Gel Shift Kit uses recombinant terminal transferase and digoxigenin (DIG)-11- dideoxyuridine triphosphate (ddUTP), which makes the labeling reaction flexible.
- Imprint ® Methylated DNA Quantification Kit (MDQ1) Protocol
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation qPCR for studying gene regulation across conditions.
- Chromatin Isolation by RNA purification (ChIRP) protocol for isolating RNA-bound genome regions.
- The Sigma Imprint Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Kit uses a plate based system to allow rapid ChIP assays in a high throughput format
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