Skip to Content

Chemical analysis of Karenia papilionacea.

Chemical analysis of Karenia papilionacea.

Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology (2015-05-20)

Nicholas Fowler, Carmelo Tomas, Daniel Baden, Lisa Campbell, Andrea Bourdelais

ABSTRACT

One of the most widely studied organisms responsible for Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) is the marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. This organism produces neurotoxic compounds known as brevetoxins. A related dinoflagellate, Karenia papilionacea, has been reported to occasionally co-bloom with K. brevis but has received little attention as a possible toxin producing species. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the toxin profile for K. papilionacea. A toxic fraction was identified using a cell based cytotoxicity assay and the toxin was isolated and identified as the ladder frame polyether brevetoxin-2 (PbTx-2) using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Toxin production in K. papilionacea increased in response to hypoosmotic stress, as previously observed in K. brevis.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, anhydrous, contains amylenes as stabilizer, ≥99%

Sigma-Aldrich

Cobalt(II) chloride, AnhydroBeads^™, −10 mesh, 99.995% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.9%

Sigma-Aldrich

Methanol, suitable for HPLC, gradient grade, 99.93%

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, ACS reagent, ≥99.8%, contains amylenes as stabilizer

Sigma-Aldrich

Methanol-d₄, "100%", ≥99.96 atom % D, contains 0.03 % (v/v) TMS

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, ≥99%, meets FCC analytical specifications

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, anhydrous, ≥99%, contains 0.5-1.0% ethanol as stabilizer

Sigma-Aldrich

Methanol-d₄, anhydrous, ≥99.8 atom % D

Sigma-Aldrich

Methanol-d₄, ≥99.8 atom % D, contains 0.05 % (v/v) TMS

Sigma-Aldrich

Iron(III) chloride, anhydrous, powder, ≥99.99% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Methanol-d₄, ≥99.8 atom % D

Sigma-Aldrich

Sodium nitrate, BioUltra, ≥99.0% (T)

Sigma-Aldrich

Methanol-d₄, ≥99.8 atom % D, contains 0.1 % (v/v) TMS

Sigma-Aldrich

Manganese(II) chloride, beads, 98%

Sigma-Aldrich

Methanol-d₄, ≥99.8 atom % D, contains 0.03 % (v/v) TMS

Sigma-Aldrich

Methanol-d₄, ≥99.8 atom % D

Sigma-Aldrich

Methanol-d₄, 99 atom % D

Sigma-Aldrich

Chloroform, ACS reagent, ≥99.8%, contains 0.5-1.0% ethanol as stabilizer

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile solution, contains 0.1 % (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid, suitable for HPLC

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile solution, contains 0.05 % (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile solution, contains 0.1 % (v/v) formic acid, suitable for HPLC

Sigma-Aldrich

Thiamine hydrochloride, ≥98%, FCC, FG

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, natural, ≥97%

Sigma-Aldrich

Cobalt(II) chloride, AnhydroBeads^™, −10 mesh, 99.9% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Manganese(II) chloride, AnhydroBeads^™, −10 mesh, 99.999% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Manganese(II) chloride, powder and chunks, ≥99% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Sodium selenite, 99%

Sigma-Aldrich

Methanol-d₄, "100%", 99.96 atom % D

Sigma-Aldrich

Sodium nitrate, 99.995% trace metals basis