콘텐츠로 건너뛰기
Merck
  • A concurrent excitation and inhibition of dopaminergic subpopulations in response to nicotine.

A concurrent excitation and inhibition of dopaminergic subpopulations in response to nicotine.

Scientific reports (2015-02-03)
Raphaël Eddine, Sebastien Valverde, Stefania Tolu, Daniel Dautan, Audrey Hay, Carole Morel, Yihui Cui, Bertrand Lambolez, Laurent Venance, Fabio Marti, Philippe Faure
초록

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are key players in motivation and reward processing. Increased DA release is thought to be central in the initiation of drug addiction. Whereas dopamine neurons are generally considered to be activated by drugs such as nicotine, we report here that nicotine not only induces excitation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA cells but also induces inhibition of a subset of VTA DA neurons that are anatomically segregated in the medial part of the VTA. These opposite responses do not correlate with the inhibition and excitation induced by noxious stimuli. We show that this inhibition requires D2 receptor (D2-R) activation, suggesting that a dopaminergic release is involved in the mechanism. Our findings suggest a principle of concurrent excitation and inhibition of VTA DA cells in response to nicotine. It promotes unexplored roles for DA release in addiction contrasting with the classical views of reinforcement and motivation, and give rise to a new interpretation of the mode of operation of the reward system.

MATERIALS
제품 번호
브랜드
제품 설명

Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., fuming, ≥37%, APHA: ≤10
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrogen chloride solution, 1.0 M in diethyl ether
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid, ACS reagent, 37%
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid, ACS reagent, 37%
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrogen chloride solution, 1.0 M in acetic acid
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrogen chloride solution, 4.0 M in dioxane
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid, 37 wt. % in H2O, 99.999% trace metals basis
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid solution, 32 wt. % in H2O, FCC
Nicotine for system suitability, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid solution, 1.0 N, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture
Supelco
Hydrochloric acid solution, volumetric, 0.1 M HCl (0.1N), endotoxin free
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid, 36.5-38.0%, BioReagent, for molecular biology
Supelco
Hydrogen chloride – 2-propanol solution, ~1.25 M HCl (T), for GC derivatization, LiChropur
Supelco
Hydrogen chloride – ethanol solution, ~1.25 M HCl, for GC derivatization, LiChropur
Supelco
Hydrogen chloride – methanol solution, ~1.25 m HCl (T), for GC derivatization, LiChropur
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, NF, fuming, 36.5-38%
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid, puriss., 24.5-26.0%
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrogen chloride solution, 3 M in cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME)
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrochloric acid solution, ~6 M in H2O, for amino acid analysis
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrogen chloride solution, 2.0 M in diethyl ether
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrobromic acid, reagent grade, 48%
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrobromic acid solution, 33 wt. % in acetic acid
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrogen bromide solution, 33 wt. % in acetic acid
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrobromic acid, ACS reagent, 48%
Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrobromic acid, 48 wt. % in H2O, ≥99.99%