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  • How aluminum adjuvants could promote and enhance non-target IgE synthesis in a genetically-vulnerable sub-population.

How aluminum adjuvants could promote and enhance non-target IgE synthesis in a genetically-vulnerable sub-population.

Journal of immunotoxicology (2012-09-13)
Todd D Terhune, Richard C Deth
ABSTRACT

Aluminum-containing adjuvants increase the effectiveness of vaccination, but their ability to augment immune responsiveness also carries the risk of eliciting non-target responses, especially in genetically susceptible individuals. This study reviews the relevant actions of aluminum adjuvants and sources of genetic risk that can combine to adversely affect a vulnerable sub-population. Aluminum adjuvants promote oxidative stress and increase inflammasome activity, leading to the release of IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33, but not the important regulatory cytokine IL-12. In addition, they stimulate macrophages to produce PGE₂, which also has a role in regulating immune responses. This aluminum-induced cytokine context leads to a T(H)2 immune response, characterized by the further release of IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and IgE-potentiating factors such as sCD23. Genetic variants in cytokine genes, such as IL-4, IL-13, IL-33, and IL-18 influence the response to vaccines in children and are also associated with atopy. These genetic factors may therefore define a genetically-vulnerable sub-population, children with a family history of atopy, who may experience an exaggerated T(H)2 immune response to aluminum-containing vaccines. IL-4, sCD23, and IgE are common factors for both atopy and the immune-stimulating properties of aluminum adjuvants. IL-4 is critical in the production of IgE and total IgE up-regulation. IL-4 has also been reported to induce the production of sCD23 and trigger resting sIgM+, sIgD+ B-cells to switch to sIgE+ B-cells, making them targets for IgE-potentiating factors. Further, the actions of IgE-potentiating factors on sIgE+ B-cells are polyclonal and unrestricted, triggering their differentiation into IgE-forming plasma cells. These actions provide a mechanism for aluminum-adjuvant promotion and enhancement of non-target IgE in a genetically vulnerable sub-population. Identification of these individuals may decrease the risk of adverse events associated with the use of aluminum-containing vaccines.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Aluminum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.025mm, as drawn, 99.0+%
Aluminum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, wire reel, 50m, diameter 0.25mm, hard, 99.99+%
Aluminum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, wire reel, 50m, diameter 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.95+%
Aluminum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.125mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
Aluminum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 1.5mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, wire reel, 50m, diameter 0.063mm, annealed, 99.99%
Aluminum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.05mm, as drawn, 99.99+%
Aluminum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 2.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, wire reel, 50m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.5%
Aluminum, microleaf disks, 25mm, thinness 1.0μm, specific density 269.9μg/cm2, removable support, 99.999%
Aluminum, tube, 0.1m coil, as drawn, outside diameter 0.30mm, inside diameter 0.2mm, wall thickness 0.05mm, 99.5%
Aluminum, rod, 200mm, diameter 5.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 0.30mm, inside diameter 0.2mm, wall thickness 0.05mm, as drawn, 99.5%
Aluminum, microleaf disks, 10mm, thinness 1.0μm, specific density 269.9μg/cm2, removable support, 99.999%
Aluminum, rod, 500mm, diameter 15.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, rod, 100mm, diameter 20.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, rod, 50mm, diameter 28mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, microfoil, disks, 50mm, thinness 1.0μm, specific density 269.9μg/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5μm support, 99.999%
Aluminum, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 0.55mm, inside diameter 0.4mm, wall thickness 0.075mm, as drawn, 99.5%
Aluminum, rod, 44mm, diameter 77.5mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, microleaf disks, 25mm, thinness 0.15μm, specific density 41.28μg/cm2, removable support, 99.999%
Aluminum, rod, 500mm, diameter 5.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%
Aluminum, tube, 200mm, outside diameter 0.86mm, inside diameter 0.76mm, wall thickness 0.05mm, as drawn, 99.5%
Aluminum, microfoil, disks, 25mm, thinness 0.0075μm, specific density 1.84μg/cm2, permanent mylar 3.5μm support, 99.999%
Aluminum, mesh, 150x150mm, nominal aperture 0.38mm, wire diameter 0.25mm, 40x40 wires/inch, open area 37%, plain weave mesh
Aluminum, tube, 0.5m coil, as drawn, outside diameter 0.30mm, inside diameter 0.2mm, wall thickness 0.05mm, 99.5%
Aluminum, tube, 100mm, outside diameter 0.6mm, inside diameter 0.3mm, wall thickness 0.15mm, as drawn, 99.5%
Aluminum, rod, 100mm, diameter 12.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%