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Fungal zinc metabolism and its connections to virulence.

Fungal zinc metabolism and its connections to virulence.

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology (2013-10-18)

Charley C Staats, Lívia Kmetzsch, Augusto Schrank, Marilene H Vainstein

ABSTRACT

Zinc is a ubiquitous metal in all life forms, as it is a structural component of the almost 10% of eukaryotic proteins, which are called zinc-binding proteins. In zinc-limiting conditions such as those found during infection, pathogenic fungi activate the expression of several systems to enhance the uptake of zinc. These systems include ZIP transporters (solute carrier 39 family) and secreted zincophores, which are proteins that are able to chelate zinc. The expression of some fungal zinc uptake systems are regulated by a master regulator (Zap1), first characterized in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this review, we highlight features of zinc uptake and metabolism in human fungal pathogens and aspects of the relationship between proper zinc metabolism and the expression of virulence factors and adaptation to the host habitat.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.9%, granular

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, foil, thickness 1.0 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, pieces, 2-14 mesh, 99.9% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, dust, <10 μm, ≥98%

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc preparation, 5 g/dL Zn⁺² in THF, highly reactive Rieke^®metal

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, foil, thickness 0.25 mm, 99.999% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, shot, 5 mm, 99.999% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, granular, 20-30 mesh, ACS reagent, ≥99.8%

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, sticks, diam. 7-10 mm, 99.97% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, nanopowder, 40-60 nm avg. part. size, ≥99% trace metals basis

Sigma-Aldrich

Zinc, shot, <12 mm, 99.99% trace metals basis

Zinc, foil, 150x150mm, thickness 0.15mm, as rolled, 99.95+%

Zinc, foil, 150x150mm, thickness 0.175mm, as rolled, 99.95+%

Zinc, foil, 100x100mm, thickness 0.175mm, as rolled, 99.95+%

Zinc, foil, 100x100mm, thickness 6mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

Zinc, foil, 10mm disks, thickness 0.02mm, 99.9%

Zinc, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 3mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

Zinc, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.075mm, as rolled, 99.95+%

Zinc, foil, 15mm disks, thickness 0.05mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

Zinc, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

Zinc, foil, 25x25mm, thickness 6mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

Zinc, foil, 50x50mm, thickness 0.1mm, as rolled, 99.95+%

Zinc, foil, 10mm disks, thickness 0.25mm, as rolled, 99.99+%

Zinc, foil, 1m coil, thickness 0.025mm, as rolled, 99.95+%

Zinc, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99.95+%

Zinc, foil, 15mm disks, thickness 0.1mm, as rolled, 99.95+%

Zinc, foil, 10mm disks, thickness 0.35mm, as rolled, 99.95+%

Zinc, foil, 10mm disks, thickness 0.0025mm, 99.9%

Zinc, foil, 10mm disks, thickness 0.125mm, as rolled, 99.95+%

Zinc, foil, 0.5m coil, thickness 2.0mm, as rolled, 99.95+%