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  • Attributing population-scale human exposure to various source categories: merging exposure models and biomonitoring data.

Attributing population-scale human exposure to various source categories: merging exposure models and biomonitoring data.

Environment international (2014-06-18)
Hyeong-Moo Shin, Thomas E McKone, Deborah H Bennett
ABSTRACT

Information about the distribution of chemical-production mass with respect to use and release is a major and unavailable input for calculating population-scale exposure estimates. Based on exposure models and biomonitoring data, this study evaluates the distribution of total production volumes (and environmental releases if applicable) for a suite of organic compounds. We used Bayesian approaches that take the total intake from our exposure models as the prior intake distribution and the intake inferred from measured biomarker concentrations in the NHANES survey as the basis for updating. By carrying out a generalized sensitivity analysis, we separated the input parameters for which the modeled range of the total intake is within a factor of 2 of the intake inferred from biomonitoring data and those that result in a range greater than a factor of 2 of the intake. This analysis allows us to find the most sensitive (or important) parameters and the likelihood of emission rates for various source emission categories. Pie charts of contribution from each exposure pathway indicate that chemical properties are a primary determinant of the relative contribution of each exposure pathway within a given class of compounds. For compounds with relatively high octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), pyrene, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47), and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-153), more than 80% of exposure derives from outdoor food ingestion and/or indoor dust ingestion. In contrast, for diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), and naphthalene, all relatively volatile compounds, either inhalation (indoor and outdoor) or dermal uptake from direct consumer use is the dominant exposure pathway. The approach of this study provides insights on confronting data gaps to improve population-scale exposure estimates used for high-throughput chemical prioritization.

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Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, Selectophore
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Benzyl butyl phthalate, 98%
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Benzyl butyl phthalate, analytical standard
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Dioctyl phthalate, ≥99.5%
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Dibutyl phthalate, 99%
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Dibutyl phthalate, SAJ special grade, ≥98.0%
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Dibutyl phthalate, PESTANAL®, analytical standard
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Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, PESTANAL®, analytical standard
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Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, certified reference material, TraceCERT®, Manufactured by: Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Switzerland
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Dibutyl phthalate, certified reference material, TraceCERT®, Manufactured by: Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Switzerland
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Benzyl butyl phthalate, certified reference material, TraceCERT®, Manufactured by: Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Switzerland
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Dibutyl phthalate, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
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Diisobutyl phthalate, certified reference material, TraceCERT®, Manufactured by: Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Switzerland
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Plastic additive 01, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
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Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate solution, certified reference material, 2000 μg/mL in methanol
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