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Methods for olfactory fMRI studies: Implication of respiration.

Human brain mapping (2013-12-05)
Jianli Wang, Xiaoyu Sun, Qing X Yang
ABSTRACT

Human olfactory system is under-studied using fMRI compared with other sensory systems. Because the perception (intensity, threshold, and valence) and detection of odors are tightly involved with respiration, the subject's respiration pattern modulates and interacts with the experimental paradigm, which presents difficulties for olfactory fMRI data acquisition, post-processing, and interpretation. Based on our investigation on the interactions of odor presentation and subject's respiration, we propose a respiration-triggered event-related olfactory fMRI technique and a data post-processing method that effectively captures precise onsets of olfactory blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal in the primary olfactory cortex. We compared the olfactory BOLD signals from seventeen normal healthy adults with diverse respiratory patterns and showed that the subjects' respiratory patterns modulated the olfactory stimulation paradigm, which significantly confounded the BOLD signal. The presented experimental technique provides a simple and effective means for generating reliable olfactory fMRI results.

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Propylene glycol, ≥99.5% (GC), FCC, FG
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Propylene Glycol, meets USP testing specifications
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Propylene glycol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
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Propylene glycol, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
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Propylene glycol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
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1,2-Propanediol, analytical standard
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1,2-Propanediol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, ≥99.5% (GC)
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100 μg
Estimated to ship on March 22, 2025
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1,2-Propanediol, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%
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100 μg
Estimated to ship on March 22, 2025
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1,2-Propanediol, tested according to Ph. Eur.
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100 μg
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1,2-Propanediol, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, ≥99.5%
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100 μg
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1,2-Propanediol, SAJ special grade, ≥99.0%
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1,2-Propanediol, SAJ first grade, ≥99.0%
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1,2-Propanediol, ReagentPlus®, 99%
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