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  • Effects of a glycine transporter-1 inhibitor and D-serine on MK-801-induced immobility in the forced swimming test in rats.

Effects of a glycine transporter-1 inhibitor and D-serine on MK-801-induced immobility in the forced swimming test in rats.

Behavioural brain research (2014-10-11)
Kazuaki Kawaura, Hiroyuki Koike, Kohnosuke Kinoshita, Daiji Kambe, Ayaka Kaku, Jun-ichi Karasawa, Shigeyuki Chaki, Hirohiko Hikichi
ABSTRACT

Glutamatergic dysfunction, particularly the hypofunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, is involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The positive modulation of the glycine site on the NMDA receptor has been proposed as a novel therapeutic approach for schizophrenia. However, its efficacy against negative symptoms, which are poorly managed by current medications, has not been fully addressed. In the present study, the effects of the positive modulation of the glycine site on the NMDA receptor were investigated in an animal model of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The subchronic administration of MK-801 increased immobility in the forced swimming test in rats without affecting spontaneous locomotor activity. The increased immobility induced by MK-801 was attenuated by the atypical antipsychotic clozapine but not by either the typical antipsychotic haloperidol or the antidepressant imipramine, indicating that the increased immobility induced by subchronic treatment with MK-801 in the forced swimming test may represent a negative symptom of schizophrenia. Likewise, positive modulation of the glycine sites on the NMDA receptor using an agonist for the glycine site, D-serine, and a glycine transporter-1 inhibitor, N-[(3R)-3-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yloxy)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl]-N-methylglycine hydrochloride (NFPS), significantly reversed the increase in immobility in MK-801-treated rats without reducing the immobility time in vehicle-treated rats. The present results show that the stimulation of the NMDA receptor through the glycine site on the receptor either directly with D-serine or by blocking glycine transporter-1 attenuates the immobility elicited by the subchronic administration of MK-801 and may be potentially useful for the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

MATERIALS
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Glycine, tested according to Ph. Eur.
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Imipramine hydrochloride, ≥99% (TLC)
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Supelco
Glycine, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
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Imipramine hydrochloride solution, 1.0 mg/mL in methanol (as free base), ampule of 1 mL, certified reference material, Cerilliant®
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USP
Clozapine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
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Imipramine hydrochloride, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
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USP
Glycine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
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Haloperidol for system suitability, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
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Glycine, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
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Residual Solvent - Acetonitrile, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
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Glycine, ReagentPlus®, ≥99% (HPLC)
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SAFC
Glycine
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Acetonitrile solution, contains 0.05 % (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid
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